用英文寫作時,每當需要表示「因此、因而」,經常會想一下,不確定用哪個詞彙或片語比較適合。故整理出來,方便自己日後參考。
比如說,在不同的出版品中,如部落格、書籍、新聞報導等等,有時看到 therefore、thus、hence,有時也會看到 as a result 或 accordingly,總會想:「它們各自適用的場合為何?可以互換嗎?為什麼作者選擇這個而不用另一種說法?」
因此,我做了一點筆記,把幾個相似詞彙整理出來,方便日後參考。如下圖,以表格編排,越常用的詞彙排越前面。
好讀版
由於此部落格的版面略窄,以表格呈現恐怕太擠,故以截圖方式呈現。可點此連結閱讀網頁表格版:「因此、因而、所以」的各種英文用法(好讀版)。
底下是個別詞彙的說明一些例句。
So
So 是最常見的因果連接詞,適合口語和非正式寫作。比較不適合用於學術寫作。
- It was raining, so we stayed inside.
下雨了,所以我們待在室內。 - I was hungry, so I made a sandwich.
我餓了,所以做了個三明治。
類似詞:therefore、thus、that's why。
Accordingly
常用於表示「根據前述事實採取相應行動」。語氣比 so、that is why 更正式,但不如 therefore 嚴謹。
- The data indicates a decline in sales; accordingly, we will revise our marketing strategy.
數據顯示銷售下滑,因此我們將調整行銷策略。 - The weather forecast predicted a storm; accordingly, the event was postponed.
天氣預報顯示暴風雨,因此活動被推遲。
相似詞:therefore, thus, consequently。
As a result
強調積極或中性的結果,與 so、therefore、hence 類似。
- The company improved its marketing strategy. As a result, sales increased significantly.
公司改進了行銷策略,結果銷售額大幅提升。
As a consequence
- He broke the rules. As a consequence, he was suspended from school.
他違反校規,結果被休學。
Consequently
語氣正式且流暢,比 "as a consequence" 更簡潔、常用。可與 therefore、thus、hence 互換。
寫作時注意: 後面要加逗號。
- She didn't study for the exam; consequently, she failed.
她沒有準備考試,結果沒通過。 - The economy is slowing down; consequently, many businesses are struggling.
經濟正在放緩,因此許多企業舉步維艱。
In consequence
比 "as a consequence" 更正式,較少在日常對話中使用。多用於法律、政府、歷史文件。
- The government increased taxes. In consequence, many businesses suffered.
政府提高了稅收,結果許多企業受影響。
Hence
語氣較正式,帶有「邏輯推論」的意味,多用於學術、科技、數學領域。
寫作時注意: 多用於句中,後面不加逗號。
- The product is handmade; hence the higher price.
這款產品是手工製作的,因此價格較高。 - He is overworked, and hence his exhaustion.
他工作過勞,故精疲力竭。
Therefore
語氣正式且通用各類場合,包括學術和日常寫作。
- The roads were flooded; therefore, we stayed home.
道路被淹了,因此我們待在家裡。 She didn't study; therefore, she failed the test.
她沒有學習,所以沒通過考試。
Thereby
語氣正式,表示「藉此方式達成某結果」,強調「手段」與結果的關係。常見於學術寫作,通常不用在句首,而是放在句中。
寫作時注意: 後面不加逗號。
- The new law was passed, thereby reducing crime rates.
新法律獲得通過,從而降低了犯罪率。
- He completed the training, thereby improving his skills.
他完成了訓練,從而提升了技能。 - As a reminder, we should use this property judiciously and only when required. Not only does it increase the number of tokens generated and, hence, the cost of the API call, but it also takes time and adds time to the API call, thereby increasing overall latency.
提醒一下,我們應該謹慎使用這個屬性,並且僅在必要時使用。它不僅會增加生成的 token 數量,因而提高調用 API 的費用成本,還得花時間去調用 API 以及增加調用 API 的次數,從而增加整體延遲。(來源:"Generative AI in Action" by Amit Bahree. Manning publishing, 2024)
相似:by that means、by doing so。
That is Why
適合對話、日常交流,強調具體原因。
- I was feeling sick. That is why I didn't go to the party.
我身體不舒服,所以沒去派對。 - She loves animals. That is why she became a vet.
她熱愛動物,所以成為一名獸醫。
相似:so, for this/that reason, that's the reason why。
Because of that
語氣接近口語,強調「前述事件導致的結果」,比 "so" 更具強調性。較不適合學術寫作。
- I was sick yesterday. Because of that, I couldn't go to work.
我昨天生病了,因此無法去上班。 - She didn't study for the exam. Because of that, she failed.
她沒有準備考試,因此考試不及格。
相似:for that reason, due to that, that's why。
Thus
- The experiment was flawed; thus, the results are invalid.
實驗有缺陷,因此結果無效。 - He was the only candidate; thus, he got the job.
他是唯一的候選人,因此得到了這份工作。
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